Examining Good and Bad Conscience in Friedrich Nietzsches...

Friedrich Nietzsche is recognized for being one of the most influential German philosophers of the modern era. He is known for his works on genealogy of morality, which is a way to study values and concepts. In Genealogy of Morals, Friedrich Nietzsche mentions that values and concepts have a history because of the many different meanings that come with it. Nietzsche focused on traditional ethical theories, especially those rooted in religion. Not being a religious man, he believed that human life has no moral purpose except for the significance that human beings give it. People from different backgrounds and circumstances in history bend moralitys meaning, making it cater to the norms of their society. For example, the concept of what is†¦show more content†¦The concept of â€Å"guilt was first recognized as being similar with the German word debt. A person in debt was seen as being the one guilty† (Nietzsche 2010). According to Nietzsche, men were privileged with the ability to make and keep promises. With that in mind he always believed that in order for society to continue to work, men must enter into a world of promises that they can keep and deliver back. In order to keep a promise one must require a powerful memory and a confidence that their promise will be carried out. For whatever reason man is unsuccessful or fails to remember to keep a promise he then becomes â€Å"the indebted to the creditor†, the person to whom the promise was made (Rattan 2010). The creditor is then looked at as being superior over the debtor, while the debtor is inferior to the creditor, because he owes him something. As a way of â€Å"gaining personal satisfaction, the creditor would go through extremes to feel paid off by the debtor†, hence, punishment (Rattan 2010). In the essay of genealogy of morals it mentioned that as some forms of punishment they would, â€Å"impale on a stake, ripping people apart or stamping them to death with horses, boi ling the criminal in oil or wine† (Rattan 2010). Other forms of punishment also included the creditors taking the debtors valuable possessions or inflict pain as a method of causingShow MoreRelated Nietzsches New Morality as Reaction to the Old Essay3231 Words   |  13 PagesNietzsches New Morality as Reaction to the Old The purpose of Friedrich Nietzsches On The Genealogy of Morals (1887) is to answer the following questions, which he clearly lays out in the preface: under what conditions did man devise these value judgments good and evil? And what value do they themselves possess? Have they hitherto hindered or furthered human prosperity? Are they a sign of distress, of impoverishment, of the degeneration of life? Or is there revealed in them, on the contrary

The Breakfast Club Character Analysis Essay - 1096 Words

In the movie The Breakfast Club, five seemingly different adolescents are assigned Saturday detention where they learn that although they each fit a particular stereotype, they all have the same characteristics, but they are expressed differently because they have different experiences, strengths and weaknesses that makes them who they are. In the movie, Bender is the â€Å"criminal†, Brian is the â€Å"brain† and Allison is the â€Å"psychopath.† Each of their situations, strengths and weakness are similar to students that are in our classrooms currently or we may have in our classrooms in the future. For each student it is important to understand their learning differences and as a teacher, how I can use their strengths to help them become†¦show more content†¦Some if not most of Bender’s behavior can be prevented; however, Bender has many strengths, which can be used in the classroom. Some of Bender’s strengths include his perceptio n of social constructs and his leadership ability. In the movie, Bender is able to analyze and vocalize the relationship between his peer’s behavior and their social group and/or home life. This strength could be used in a social studies or science classroom, where analyzing relationships between governments and cultures or habitats and animal behaviors leads students to a greater understanding of how the world works. Bender’s leadership abilities could be used to change the way the school is run by assigning him to a student council position. If he is resistant to joining student council, smaller leadership roles could be assigned within the classroom. For example in group work, Bender could be assigned the judge, editor or the one who organizes and puts all the pieces together. With the assigned role, Bender would need to be given guidance on how a person in this position would behave appropriately. Unlike Bender, Brian would not need any guidance for proper behavior because he is a â€Å"teacher pleaser.† Brian is seen as a â€Å"geek,† one who enjoys participating in academic clubs, learning and always follows the rules. Brian’s confidence is linked to his grades, his parent’s perceptions and his peer’s perceptions of him.Show MoreRelatedFilm Analysis - Social Penetration Theory in the Breakfast Club2129 Words   |  9 PagesSocial Penetration Theory in The Breakfast Club The Social Penetration Theory, adapted by Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor, is based on the idea that people are layered like onions, (Griffin 133). These layers are made up by different things that hide an individual’s true self. One’s true self can include his or her hopes, fears, likes, dislikes, aspirations and other things that one thinks about. For individuals to become close, they must get past all of the facades and disclose their trueRead MoreSummary Of The Breakfast Club1660 Words   |  7 PagesTanen and John Hughes in 1985, The Breakfast Club is a classic film depicting the scene of five high school students who spend their Saturday in detention together. The stereotypical popular girl is played by a character named Claire and she somewhat associates with the admired wrestler, Andrew. Brian is the character that embodies an intellectual personality, while Allison is portrayed as the misfit. Lastly, there is John also referred to as â€Å"Bender†, a character who symbolizes the â€Å"reckless bad boy†Read More The Breakfast Club Essay examples799 Words   |  4 Pages The breakfast club was to say the least a boring 80’s movie. But it was a good movie for the purpose of analysis. Simply put, it will not be on my list of movies to rent next time that I am at the rental store. I chose to explain the points of view of Andrew, the jock, and Allison the loner/quite person. I will also be making use of the key terms Clique Groups, and Identity Crisis. amp;#9;At the start of the movie, Allison was a person off in a corner by herself. She didn’t talk to anyone,Read MoreThe Princess By Claire Standish1455 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Claire Standish or â€Å"the princess† portrays the stereotypical popular teenage girl in The Breakfast Club. She is in detention with everyone else because she decided to skip class and go shopping, which also plays into the stereotypical teen girl image. It can also be assumed that she is spoiled and rich since her father tried to get her out of detention but failed, and she mentions to the group that her parents only use her to get back at the other one. She brings a fancy lunch of sushiRead MoreSociology Of The Breakfast Club Essay1148 Words   |  5 Pagestheory, and symbolic interaction. Both functionalism and conflict theory are macro-level and symbolic interaction is micro-level (Macionis, P.19). Each one looks at society in a different way and can in this paper I will analyze the movie â€Å"The Breakfast Club† using these perspectives. Functionalism looks at society in aspects of how it contributes to the steadiness/cohesion of the whole society (Anderson, Taylor, Logio, P. 18). There are many institutions that are looked at that include the economicRead More Movie Fight Club Essay1632 Words   |  7 PagesMovie Fight Club   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the following analysis, I will be discussing the movie Fight Club’s two main characters. They are â€Å"Jack† played by Edward Norton, and Tyler Durden played by Brad Pitt. However the twist to the movie turns out that Jack and Tyler are the same person and Tyler is Jack’s real name. Tyler the character is everything that Jack the character is not. The story narration is provided by the protagonist of â€Å"Fight Club,† â€Å"Jack.† The ambivalent protagonist, who only refers toRead MoreEssay about Psychoanalysis of Brian from The Breakfast Club1172 Words   |  5 Pagesrest of the characters from Hughes’ The Breakfast Club, can be categorized in more than one level/stage of Lawrence Kohlberg’s levels/stages of moral development. Many of the characters grow as people and can be seen at different levels of moral development throughout the film. For the purpose of this analysis, Brian will be categorized based on the general impressions and behaviors he expresses before reaching his â€Å"changing moment† near the end of the film (along with the other characters). BrianRead MoreFight Club Character Analysis Essay1666 Words   |  7 PagesFor the following analysis, I will be discussing the movie Fight Clubs two main characters. They are Jack played by Edward Norton, and Tyler Durden played by Brad Pitt. However the twist to the movie turns out that Jack and Tyler are the same person and Tyler is Jacks real name. Tyler the character is everything that Jack the character is not. The story narration is provided by the protagonist of Fight Club, Jack. The ambivalent protagonist, who only refers to himself as Jack. An ambivalentRead MoreCompetitive Market Analysis Of Preston Apartment Building With Chesapeake913 Words   |  4 PagesCompetitive Market analysis is done to know about your competitors in the market. This analysis helps us to make corporate strategy according to the com petition I the market. There are basically three C’s which should be considered while taking strategic decisions. These are: Company, customer and the Competition. In Property management plan, we will able to done comparison between two similar kinds of buildings. Here we will do competitive market analysis of Preston apartment building with ChesapeakeRead MoreFilm Analysis Of The Breakfast Club 2143 Words   |  9 Pages Joohyun Cho Introduction to Psychology Film Analysis of The Breakfast Club Introduction The film The Breakfast Club was directed and written by John Hughes and was released in the year 1985 (IMDB, 2016). The film’s running time is 95 minutes and can be categorized under the genre of comedy and drama. It follows five teenagers, who all vary in personality and stereotype, get stuck in detention on a Saturday morning. They are all different types of people in nature but when

Z Score Free Essays

string(71) " of a null hypothesis but independent and dependent variables as well\." MN 215 A B October 02, 2012 Z Scores, Z Tests and t Tests Overview and Review At the beginning of the course we learned that there are two branches of statistics, namely, parametric and non-parametric. Further we learned that parametric statistical processes are broken down into two other categories, namely descriptive statistical processes and inferential. We learned also that descriptive statistics (mean, mode, median, standard deviation, and frequencies) are only to be used to describe the characteristics of the data rather than draw conclusions of make inferences from the measurement data collected. We will write a custom essay sample on Z Score or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the importance of descriptive statistics cannot be undermined as they form the basis for the workings of inferential statistical processes – especially the mean. In data analysis one of the most important concepts to remember is that regardless of the topic or issue being investigated all is based on the mean of a data set. Although we cannot draw conclusion or make predictions from descriptive statistics their usefulness in inferential statistics is significant. As stated inferential statistics is a branch of statistics that is used in making inferences about traits or characteristics of a greater population on the basis of sample measurement data. The primary goal of inferential statistics is to leap beyond the measurement data at hand and make inferences about a greater population. Take for example a psychologist who is interested in knowing whether a new behavior modification product will likely be a seller in a certain market area. Knowing that the entire consumer population cannot be queried as to market acceptance, the psychologist would select a representative sample for the area, administer whatever measurement instrument is necessary to garner the data and, on the basis, of the sample data results, determine whether or not the new product will be profitable. The statistic used to determine whether or not the sample is representative of the entire market population would be an inferential statistics. When using inferential statistical processes to generate information in order to make predictions about a larger population the chosen sample must always be on the basis of random selection or random assignment. Without random sampling or random assignment the mathematical values received by way of the statistical analysis are in err. Or, another way of putting is to say that the results would be â€Å"Lies, damn lies† about the data analyzed. For convenience purposes throughout the remainder of this course the following symbols will be used most extensively. Statisticians, regardless of area, use English letters to denote sample statistics and Greek letters to symbolize population parameters. NameSample StatisticPopulation Parameter _ MeanX  µ (mu) VarianceSD? ? 2 (sigma squared) Standard DeviationSD ? (sigma) Correlationr ? (rho) Proportionp ? (pi) Regression Coefficient b ? ( beta)? ? When trying to arrive at conclusions that extend from the measurement data alone, inferential statistics are the data analysis tools of choice. For example, inferential statistics are used to infer from the sample data to the larger population data or when there is an need to make judgments of the probability that an â€Å"observed† difference between groups is an accurate and dependable one and not those that happened by chance alone. In order too accomplish that which inferential statistics were designed two models are available: estimation testing and hypothesis testing. In the estimation model the sample measurement data is used to estimate a parameter (population) and a confidence interval about the estimate is created. The confidence interval is basically the range of values that has a high likelihood of containing the parameter. The parameter is a numerical value that measures some part or the population measurement scores or values. The second use of inferential statistical processes is in hypothesis testing. The most common manner in which a hypothesis is tested is by developing what is commonly called a â€Å"straw man† which is what a null hypothesis is call when looking at a situation where in the research investigator wants to determine if the data collected and analyzed is strong enough to reject the null or â€Å"straw man† hypothesis. Always remember that a null hypothesis is stated that no differences, effects or relationships will occur between and or amongst the events, occurrences, phenomenon, items, or situations being evaluated and measured as a result of some variable. A simple example of a business null hypothesis would be something like the following: There exists no statistically significant difference between widgets made of alloy A and those made of Alloy B in terms of tinsel strength acceptability. Data Requirements When Using Inferential Statistics. Thinking back to the first part of the course we learned that statistical processes must use certain forms of numeric measurement data and this data is expressed as nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. For descriptive statistics (frequencies and measures of central tendency) it is nominal data that is used. For inferential statistics the measurement data types to be used are either interval or ratio. However, in the social sciences and business arenas ordinal data is often times treated like interval. This is particularly true when studies attempt to assess situations by way of a Lickert scale. For convenience and review the scale presented below will help to clarify the differences between the four scales of measurement discussed earlier in the course. Indications Indicated Direction ofIndicates Amount of Absolute Difference Difference Difference Zero NominalX OrdinalX X IntervalX X X RatioX X X On the basis of the information contained in the table above the following two conditions apply when using inferential statistical processes: * Participants selected for participation in a study should be selected randomly. If sampling is not random, then biases occur and contaminate the accuracy of the findings. The most commonly used inferential statistics that behavioral research uses are those statistical processes that provide for the determination of relationships (correlations), differences and effects between and amongst that which is being measured or evaluated. The specific tests used are the Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Chi Square, Student â€Å"t† Test, ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), and regression. All of these techniques not only require the use of a null hypothesis but independent and dependent variables as well. You read "Z Score" in category "Papers" Z Scores Calculating the Z Score for Research Purposes. One of the most often used statistical processes in the behavioral sciences is the Z Score. What a Z Score accomplishes is in taking a raw measurement value or score and transforms it into a standard form which then provides a more meaningful description of the individual scores within the distribution. This transformation is based on knowledge about the population’s mean and standard deviation. Take for example an educational psychologist who is interested in determining how individual students are comparing to the overall group of students with respect to grades. As we have learned before raw scores alone cannot provide insightful information to the psychologist how well an individual student is performing. However, what the psychologist can easily do is calculate a Z Score for each student and determine whether or not an individual student is functioning above or below the mean grade of all students together. When determining the placement of each individual, the Z Score permits the psychologist to calculate how many standard deviations, or the distance, each student is above or below the mean grade of all students together. If there is an academic standard the psychologist is using as a comparative base a different statistical formula is used compared to the formula needed when comparing individual performance to a local sample of student. The formulas for each are presented below. Comparing Individual to Population Standard Comparing Individual to Sample Standard The construction of the two formulas is the same with the exception that one uses the mean and standard deviation of a population and the other of a sample. What is very important to remember, especially for the psychologist, is that comparing an individual to a local academic setting may have entirely different results when the same student is compared to the industry standard. Although this might appear to be a dilemma, it is actually a possible â€Å"blessing in disguise†. Take for example the same psychologist compares all his students’ rate of academic success in a local facility and determines they are all functioning well above average, or above the mean, in their grades. What happens if the same students are compared to an academic standard and the results show their grade is well below the industry standard or population mean? The conclusion drawn is, therefore, that the students, although having grades are not in line with other educational facilities and corrective programming to increase the performance rate must ensue. For ease of understanding let us look at a business situation. Example. Suppose an employee is producing 3. 5 widgets per hour and the sample average number of widgets per hour is 2. 3 with a standard deviation of 0. 33. The Z Score would be calculated as follows: X = raw score X bar = mean s = standard deviation From this we can conclude that the employee’s widget production rate per hour of 3. 5 lays 1. 73 standard deviations above the mean. We can conclude further that this employee is function above the mean all others together on the production line in terms of widget production and that the employee is doing better th an 95% of the other employees and only 5% of the total employees are producing more widgets. NOTE: The percentages are easily found on the back of the very last page of your text book. As stated earlier caution must be exercised when drawing conclusions about a single business sample as the statistical information garnered might not be representative of industry standards. Looking at the same employee on an industry standard basis the information might possibly be different. Taking the same employee with an average widget production rate of 3. 5 widgets per hour with a hypothetical population or industry standard mean of 4. 9 and a population standard deviation of 1. 15 the results would be as follows using the formula stated above: X = Employee raw production score  µ = Population standard mean ? = Population standard deviation Z = (3. 5 – 4. 79) / 1. 15 = -1. 12 What can be readily seen by way of the negative value Z Score is that the employee falls below the standard industry mean with respect to the number of widgets produced in one hour. Concluding further we c an say that this employee standing is surpassed by 64% of the entire population workforce for he company. Needless to say, the manager needs to take a serious look at the quality of workers in his/her plant. Interpreting the Z Score for Research Purposes. When using Standard Z Scores one must always remember that comparisons are made between individual measurement values and sample or population mean values. At no time can a one use Z Score values to make predictions or drawn inferences about any given situation. To accomplish this, inferential statistical processes must be used. The value of the Z Score lies in the idea that individual tracking is necessary and trends can be plotted. Also, one must always keep in mind that X values do not have to be simple individual raw scores but can also reflect any investigative variable the researcher chooses to investigate. â€Å"Z† Test When to use the Z Test over the â€Å"t† Test in Research. Although both the Z test and the â€Å"t† test are used in research decision hypothesis testing each is used under a different set of circumstances than the other. The primary distinction between the two lies in the sample size requirement. Where â€Å"t† tests can be used for small samples the Z Test cannot and is, therefore, reserved for sample situations that are larger. Both, however, perform the same function, namely to determine whether or not there are differences between the samples being evaluated or comparisons between sample and population measurements. In addition both the Z and â€Å"t† tests make use of the mean scores for raw measurement data when calculating differences. Presented below are some examples of using both the Z test and â€Å"t† test in business today. Z Test: A product safety engineer wants to investigate the average number of possible defective products in worldwide production. A sample is drawn sample (in excess of 30) and mean of the sample is compared to the population mean for evaluation. * Z Test: A psychologist wants to investigate whether or not a 10 hour shift will record more safety accidents in product production compared to the company wide population standa rd of eight hour shifts. * Z Test: A human resource manager wants to investigate whether or not a new employee training program will increase production numbers company wide. â€Å"t† Test: A psychologist wants to investigate whether or not the sample of 20 line employees of plant A are producing a significantly greater number of products than the sample of 20 employees of plant A. * â€Å"t† Test: A consumer product safety manager wants to investigate whether or not his small firm is producing an equal number of safe products compared to the industry standard. * â€Å"t† Test: A human resource manager is interested in knowing if customer service skills of employees in department A are the same as in department B. What is most important to remember is that both the t and Z tests are formulated to arrive at the same conclusion but under different sampling conditions. Keep in mind as well that the Z test is used when the population mean is known. In addition when using a â€Å"t† test with a small sample base it is assumed the distribution of the data is normal; however, in larger samples the distribution does not have to be normal and a Z test can be used for comparative purposes. Further, in both situations the samples drawn must be on a random basis. The unfortunate limitation of both tests is in the fact that neither permit any conclusions to be drawn if not differences are found between the sample means or sample and population mean. However, one must always keep in mind that Z and â€Å"t† tests are basically the same as they compare two means to determine whether or not both samples come from the same population. Calculating the Z Test. The example presented below not only provides you with a formula for both population mean testing but sample mean testing as well. What must be closely watched is the effect on sample size with respect to any resulting Z value: Remember that the Z test requires a large sample and should a small sample be used the resulting Z value is contaminated. Formula: Sample vs. PopulationSample vs. Sample __ __ __ Z = / Z = X1 – X2 N 2(1/N + 1/N) Example Sample vs. Population: Suppose a product manager is interested in knowing if the number of faulty washing machines being produced in his/her plant in August is indicative of the over-all number of washing machines produced in all plants during the month of August. The product manager draws two samples from his/her assembly line: a sample of 10 and a sample of 100. The example being created is to show how the size of the sample bears directly on the resulting Z Test value. Formula: __ _ Z = / N Data. Sample Test Mean = 30 Population Mean = 25 (Industry Requirement) Population = 15 N = 10 __ Z = / N = 30-25 / 15 / 3. 16 = 15 / 4. 75 Z = 1. 58 Sample Test Mean = 30 Population Mean = 25 (Industry Requirement) Population = 15 N = 100 _ Z = / N = 30-25 / 15 / 10 = 5 / 1. 5 Z = 3. 33 Conclusion: The conclusion the production manager can draw from the above measurement example (N=10 and N=100) is relative to the size of the sample used to determine whether or not the sample is representative of the overall faulty washing machine production in August. Had the production manager set the level of confidence at 0. 01 (99%) the Z test score needed in order to reject the null hypothesis that no differences exist in washing machine production is +1. 96. A Z test value for the 10 sample situation of +1. 58 does not meet or exceed the required value of +1. 96. Therefore, the production manager concludes there is not statistically significant difference in the August faulty washing machine production rate for his/her plant and the overall faulty washing machine production rate of all plants. However, when the sample size is increased the resulting Z test value is extremely different. The 100 sample case, using the same values as in the 10 sample case, provides an entirely different scenario. By increasing the sample size tenfold the resulting Z test value is +3. 33. Obviously this numeric value far exceeds the required +1. 96 value and the production manager can safely conclude that statistically significant differences exist between the faulty washing machine productions in the production manager’s plant compared to the average faulty washing machine production rate of all plants. The reason for the difference in Z test values in knowing that as sample size increases so does the Z test value. Although not shown in this example, but also extremely important, is in knowing that when the variance of the sample differs from the population variance there will exist a lower Z test value. In the 100 sample test, should the resulting Z test value not met the required 1. 96 value the production manager could have concluded that the faulty washing machine production rate of his/her plant meets the production rate of all other plants together for the month of August. As scientific research and applied statistics application are not equipped to lend explanation as to why no differences are determined the only conclusion to be drawn is that the lack of differences is a direct result of sample size and variance. Example Sample vs. Sample vs. Sample Formula: __ __ Z = X1 – X2 2(1/N + 1/N) Example: Suppose the same product manager is interested in knowing if the number of faulty washing machines being produced in his/her plant in August is indicative of the number of faulty washing machines produced in a neighboring plant during the month of August. The product manager draws two samples: one from his/her assembly line and one from the neighboring plant: a sample of 100 is drawn from both plants. _ Data: : Sample 1: N=100 X=30 _ Sample 2: N=100 X=25 = 15 (known or assumed) _ _ Z = X1 – X2 2(1/N + 1/N) = 30 – 25 / (15)? (1/100 + 1/100) = 5 / v (225) (. 01 + . 01) = 5 / 4. 5 = 5 / 2. 12 = 2. 35 Conclusion: On the basis of the Z test value above the production manager would have to conclude that there exists a statistically significant difference in the production rate of the two plants at the . 1 confidence level (99%) as the required critical value of 1. 96 was matched and exceeded. As such it can be stated that the two washing machine samples are not representative of each other and differences occur. Should the product manager replicate the study and use only 10 washing machines per sample the resulting Z test value would be 1. 11 and the conclusion drawn would be that no statistically significant differences are p resent between the two groups and the population. Again this is an example of how sensitive the Z test is to sample size. One must always keep in mind that re-testing a product or service with artificial conveyances (smaller sample size) in order to show that differences are not present is scientifically and professionally unacceptable. Research results must be allowed to fall wherein the statistical analysis places them. Doing otherwise is using the statistical process for reasons other than that which they were intended Drawing Conclusions from the Z Test. Business situations are not unlike any other professional situation, including the behavioral sciences, wherein the researcher or investigator is seeking information as to possible differences between samples or sample and the general population. When business managers or psychologists at any level are interested in making comparisons between products and or services the best-fit statistical tool for large sample situations is the Z test. However, the statistical value is only as good as the controls placed on it and at no time will the actual values give a reason as to why something has happened or why something has not. With regard to the utilization of the Z test in business decision-making the following rules are always to be remembered: * Z Tests can be used to compare a sample to a population or sample to a sample for general population inference. * Z Tests are extremely susceptible to size of sample and variance and not useful when population variance is unknown. * Z Tests work best with very large samples but not with small samples as the correction factor cannot accommodate for the error associated with small samples. Z Tests are natural introductions to t Tests. * Z Tests work with only one (1) dependent variable. * Z Tests cannot work with correlated data. * Z Tests do not permit the making of strong inferences about differences or effects of the testing instrument or situation. * Z Tests have a non-parametric counterpart wherein small samples can be used. â€Å"t† Test 1a. Introduction to Difference Testing. Difference testing is used primarily to identify if there is a detectable d ifference between products, services, people, or situations. These tests are often conducted in business situations to: * Ensure a change in formulation or production introduces no significant change in the end product or service. * Substantiate a claim of a new or improved product or service * Confirm that a new ingredient/supplier does not affect the perceived attributes of the product or service. * Track changes during shelf-life of a product or the length of time of a service. Differences Between Two Independent Sample Means: Coke vs. Pepsi. Let us again look at a business example wherein the independent sample t-tests are sed to compare the means of two independently sampled groups. Example: do those drinking Coke differ on a performance variable (i. e. numbers of cans consumed in one week) compared to those drinking Pepsi. The individuals are randomly assigned to the Coke and Pepsi groups. With a confidence interval or ?. 05 (corresponding probability level of 95 %) the researcher concludes the two groups are significantly different in t heir means (average consumption rate of Coke and Pepsi over a one week period of time) if the t test value meets or exceeds the required value. If the t value does not meet the critical t value required then the research investigator simply concludes that no differences exist. Further explanation is not required. Presented below is a more useable situation. Example: As a manager of production let us suppose you are wanting to determine whether or not work performance is significantly (statistically) different in a noise related production line vs. a non-noise related production line. Individual Noise Production Non-Noise Production difference: 1-2 38 32 6 2 10 16 -6 3 84 57 27 4 36 28 8 5 50 55 -5 6 35 12 23 7 73 61 12 8 48 29 19 Mean 46. 8 36. 2 10. 5 Standard dev 23 19 12 Variance 529 361 N = 16 Using the raw data and formula above to calculate the t test value the actual t test value, when calculated properly, is 2. 43. Always remember that S = Standard deviation and that the mean is often times shown by the capital letter M rather than a bar mark over a capital X. By going to the appropriate t tables in your text book find the critical value for t at the . 05 confidence interval. The value you should find is 1. 761 Differences Between Two Means of Correlated Samples: Red Bull vs. Power Drink. Again using a business example correlated t test statistical processes are used to determine whether or not there is a relationship of a particular measurement variable on a pre and post test basis. Often times when there exists a statistically significant relationship on a pre and post test basis the business manager can use the first measurement values to predict the second in future situations without having to present a post test situation. Example: Using the same data presented above let us assume that there are not two independent groups but the same group under two different conditions – noise production environment and non-noise production environment. Individual Noise Production Non-Noise Production difference: 1-2 1 38 32 6 2 10 16 -6 3 84 57 27 4 36 28 8 5 50 55 -5 6 35 2 23 7 73 61 12 8 48 29 19 N = 8 The first step is to compute the mean of the differences: _ D = ? D N The second step is to square the differences: (6)? + (-6)? + (27)? + (8)? + (5)? + (23)? + (12)? + (19)? The third step is to calculate the standard error of the difference: SED = _ ?D – D? / n -1 n The last step is to compute the t test value: _ t = D / SED Using the raw data and formula above to calculate the t test value the actual t test value, when calculated properly, is 3. 087. By going to the appropriate t tables in your text book you can find the critical value to be, at the ? .05 confidence interval is 1. 895. The conclusion drawn is that the differences are statistically significantly different. When to Use Independent Mean or Correlated Sample Difference Testing. In research investigation situations the choice of using an independent sample t test of a correlated sample test is dependent upon whether or not the investigator is seeking to determine differences or relationships. In some situations the need to know whether or not a difference exists between two products or services is more important than knowing if there is a relationship between the two. For example: take the consulting psychologist wants to know if training program A has better success in training managers than training method B. The psychologist would select a sample of each training situations (generally ;30) and test the success of each sample and compare the success of program A with program B. The results would confirm if one training programs was better that the other. If, however, the psychologist was interested in determining how each program compared to the industry standard the programs would be compared, independently, to the population program mean. On the other hand should the consulting psychologist wants to determine whether or not a relationship exists, or predictability can be determine, from one program in two different situations or under two different situations a correlated t test is used. However, knowing the relationship in pre and post test situations are generally reserved for improvement situations. Drawing Conclusions for the t Test. Any conclusion drawn for the t test statistical is only as good as the research question asked and the null hypothesis formulated. â€Å"t† tests are only used for two sample groups, either on a pre post-test basis or between two samples (independent or dependent). The t test is optimized to deal with small sample numbers which is often the case with behavioral scientists in any venue. When samples are excessively large the t test becomes difficult to manage due to the mathematical calculations involved. How to cite Z Score, Papers

Operations Management Auckland Transports

Question: Discuss about theOperations Managementfor Auckland Transports. Answer: Introduction The motive of the present discourse is to make fruitful answers of several distinct questions associated with the Auckland Transports (AT) decision to give license to a convenient provider of coffee in future. In this respect, the aspects, which would be elaborated, include identification of five major factors for reaching an apt decision regarding the location of the coffee service. Additionally, the elaboration include analysis of the probable negative and positive sides of the simulated coffee catering service and using different external suppliers for this individual purpose. Nevertheless, a recommendation is going to be prepared for having a cohesive understanding about whether the selected organization Johnny wray would prove successful for AT or not. Examining Five Key Factors Important in Deciding the Location of Coffee Service According to the decided project of City Rail Link, there would be an extension of the passenger rail line and procuring new stations at locations like Aotea Square and the road of Karangahape. For this decided purpose there will be built a long tunnel of 3.4 km under the streets of city centre (at.govt.nz, 2016). Keeping in consideration of the proposed project, factors those catch the eyes for deciding a perfect location for coffee catering are accessibility of the customer, supply availabilities in terms of power and water, options for resupply, flow capacity and costs. Information regarding customers or probable passengers of three of the proposed stations is a potential factor to evaluate prior to decide a suitable location for coffee catering. As per the information broadcasted in the project of City Rail Link (CRL), the supposed program will successfully allow a minimum of 30,000 of people in each hour of peak. Therefore, it is understandable that there will be lack of shortage for target market. Supply availabilities of water and power is an essential aspect to give priority before moving to decide a convenient location as the CRL already has the vision for using the renewable power resources (Strang, 2014). In terms of using renewable resources, Auckland is enriched with water resources like groundwater and river resources (Salmond, 2014). On the other hand, the place enjoys both a wide range of power supplies in terms of both renewable and non-renewable resources (watercare.co.nz, 2016). Cost for the entire planning is another facet that should be taken into concern. It is because the location for the catering will be placed in a location which itself is going to be constructed. Therefore, the estimated cost for setting up the site will be critical to decide. Along with these premises, two more factors to be prioritized are options for resupply and flow capacity of the trains. As both of the options for locations will be newly constructed, there should be occasional shortage of power supplies. On the other side, flow capacity of the trains and their frequency is a considerable factor too (at.govt.nz, 2016). It is fortunate that the new project of CRL will raise the frequency of the trains and will allow pick up facility in every ten minutes. Analyzing the Positive and Negative Sides of Providing own Catering Service The possible sides for providing catering services include - The internalize profit margin would be high as per the decision to extend the business ventures from transport to catering. There will be abandoned of customers as per the frequency of the trains and advanced pick up facility, therefore it will be easy to attract more customers AT may find it cheap to establish the business as per the abundance of power resources and customer accessibility. On the contrary, AT would have to face problems regarding AT does not have a good experience in catering service as it serves as the transport service. It would prove difficult to acquire convenient suppliers because as a new entrant the bargaining power of the giant suppliers will be too high to afford. Additionally, there will be chances for internalization risks as per lack of experiences to gain proper workforce resources and relevant management system. Identification of the positive and negative sides of using different external suppliers If the decision will choose the different external providers in terms of supply then there will be both positive and negative circumstances related to this. Positive Premises The company will have the opportunity to switch suppliers anytime if requirements are not met. There will be less scarcity for acquiring raw material. The bargaining power will be stable based on which the enterprise have the scope to have more options. There will be chance for convenient product development because of easy access of resources (Wisner et al., 2014). Negative Ones It would be difficult to have a well-managed supply system as with too many suppliers there will be too many suppliers requirement which for a start up business is hard to manage (Christopher, 2016). There will be lack of chances for building a strong supplier-buyer relationship as it would be difficult to decide which particular one should would to reliable. Recommendation for Deciding /Partnership with Johnny Wray Johnny wray is considered as one of the leading enterprise for providing convenient coffee services to events by having mobile carts and kiosks of coffee. The most interesting part of the companys business operation is they provide their service in relatively less time and the quality of their supplied coffee is considerably rich. On the other hand, it seems that Johnny wray has barista staffs and facility of stand-alone kiosks, which hold the capability to serve near about 50,000 guests (johnnywrays.co.nz, 2016). Furthermore, the coffee kiosks and mobile carts provided by the enterprise can be customized according to the different requirements of events. Most fortunately, the company has their own stand-alone generators for and their coffee carts generally consume less power. Therefore, it can be recommended that AT should hire Johnny wray for their proposed venture as Johnny wray has self-contained facility like having their own stand-alone generators for power supply. If AT prefers to make partnership with Johnny wray, it would be possible to gain quality performance, as the enterprise is known for giving high quality beverage. Most importantly AT would have to pay less cost for power supply as Johnny wray has their own device for power supply and the business venture would be scalable as Johnny wray has records to work under pressure and heavy demand. On the other hand, Johnny wray has the ability to work flexibly in any kind of environment as they sell their products through mobile carts in place of vans. These carts and Kiosks are designed to be customized as per different requirements. Sustainability Issues and the Way Johnny Ray Manage them Most frequent issues faced by Johnny wray in terms of sustainability are to recycle their cups and coffee wastes. Being an innovative coffee service supplier, the company possesses several strong tactics to mitigate sustainability issues. To reduce wastage of cups, the organization only carry an estimate number of cups according to their estimated number of guest based on any event. The organization prefers to use double wall and paper made cups with eye catchy design, which are easily disposable. To reduce issues regarding power, they carry their own generator that is designed to consume less power as their coffee beans are slow roasted. Conclusion Considering all the recommendations and assumptions regarding the proposed business venture, it can be concluded that two of the stations would be preferable location to place the coffee catering service. It is because both of the stations will have considerable frequency of trains and a huge amount of passengers. Most important to note that partnership with Johnny wray will be a fruitful idea as the company uses location friendly coffee kiosks and mobility carts with a personalized power generator. Moreover, the enterprise uses double wall and paper made cups to avoid sustainability issues. References Christopher, M. (2016). Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. City Rail Link. (2016). Retrieved 26 October 2016, from https://at.govt.nz/projects-roadworks/city-rail-link/ Johnny Wray's. The Corporate Coffee Experts. (2016). Johnnywrays.co.nz. Retrieved 26 October 2016, from https://www.johnnywrays.co.nz/ Salmond, A. (2014). Tears of Rangi: Water, power, and people in New Zealand. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 4(3), 285-309. Strang, V. (2014). The Taniwha and the Crown: defending water rights in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 1(1), 121-131. Water Sources. (2016). Retrieved 26 October 2016, from https://www.watercare.co.nz/about-watercare/our-services/water-sources/Pages/default.aspx Wisner, J. D., Tan, K. C., Leong, G. K. (2014). Principles of supply chain management: a balanced approach. Cengage Learning.

Euthanasia Essay Research Paper Heather Morris Mrs free essay sample

Euthanasia Essay, Research Paper Heather Morris Mrs. Julie Helm English 103/7 November 2, 2000 Euthanasia Euthanasia has become a controversial topic. It is a Grecian word, that means easy decease, interrupt down into beginnings EU means # 8220 ; good # 8221 ; and Thanatos means decease. Therefore, this word besides means good decease. Euthanasia # 8217 ; s definition is the knowing expiration of life by another at the expressed petition of the individual who dies. This implies that the act must be initiated by the individual who wishes to perpetrate self-destruction. ( Euthanasia ) There are two sorts of mercy killing, Passive and Active, there are clear differentiations between both of them. Passive mercy killing is backdown of life support. This type has been specifically upheld by the tribunals as a legal right act for a physician to execute. A few illustrations of inactive mercy killing is remotion of life support, halting medical processs or medicine and halting nutrient and H2O and leting the individual to desiccate or hunger to decease. We will write a custom essay sample on Euthanasia Essay Research Paper Heather Morris Mrs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The two most common types of inactive mercy killings are when CPR is non delivered or morphia is non given to command hurting. This process is besides done on individuals in relentless vegetive province, these are persons with monolithic encephalon harm who are in a coma from which they can non perchance recover consciousness. ( Euthanasia ) Euthanasia makes some people make really difficult determinations. Passive Euthanasia is something that I support. I believe that people should non hold to populate on a machine. When people lie at that place in a vegetarian province on life support. They are genuinely dead. God has the power to allow people populate and decease, but this power is seemed to be overcome by engineering. A individual can non decease if they are being supported by a machine. This causes people to do major determinations and have much struggle between households. The grounds for these struggles are because household members are non allowed to make up ones mind if their relation wants to decease. The statute law passed the Natural Death Act, which allows for life volitions, an progress directive to a bespeaking the withholding or withdrawing of life prolonging intervention. Besides, in 1990 Congress passed the Patient Self Determination Act. It requires wellness attention installations that receive Medicare or Medicaid to financess to inform new patients about their legal right to compose a life will or take a placeholder to stand for them. This brings up a inquiry, # 8220 ; Who # 8217 ; s life is it any manner # 8217 ; s? # 8221 ; I do non believe that statute law should stand in the manner of person deceasing. I think that people should be able to make up ones mind. There are many factors that complicate these determinations. First, some people do no n hold wellness attention or can non afford person to be on long term life support. This sounds selfish but people do hold to populate and travel on with their lives. God has a program for everyone and the determination # 8217 ; s people make are with God # 8217 ; s assist. Therefore, allowing person dice of course is non a incorrect making. Did you know that it is non a offense to be present when a individual takes their life, but it is a offense to take direct action deliberately designed to assist ease decease. ( Euthanasia ) The other type of Euthanasia is Active. It is the physician who administers the deadly drug dosage. Active Euthanasia agencies of actions taken to convey about the decease of a deceasing patient by physician-assisted decease. This act is specifically prohibited by jurisprudence in most provinces censoring # 8220 ; mercy killing # 8221 ; and is condemned by the American Medical Association. ( Collegeterm ) Active Euthanasia leads us into another topic, doctor assisted suicide. This is where a physician supplies info and/or the agencies of perpetrating self-destruction. These doctors would order for deadly doses of kiping pills, or a supply of C monoxide gas, to a individual, so that they could easy end their ain life. The term Voluntary Passive Euthanasia ( VPE ) is going normally used. Dr. Jack Kervorkian a Michigan doctor. Therefore, he is one of the most known clemency killing physicians. He has promoted VPE and assisted at least a 100 deceases of patients. Originally, he hooked his patients up to a machine that delivered mensural doses of medicines, but the patients pushed a button to let go of them. Recently, he provided C monoxide and a face mask so that patients could originate the flow of gas. ( Euthanasia ) Kervorkian has assisted in more than a 100 deceases, but besides he eventually admitted to over a 130 aids. ( collegeterm ) A adult male named Thomas Youk, 52 was killed by the aid of Kervorkian. The violent death of Thomas was videotaped and was given to 60 Minutes to air on telecasting. He was enduring from Lou Gehrig # 8217 ; s Disease, and to be killed he was injected with a deadly dosage of Potassium Chloride. In this assist Kervorkian injected Youk instead than set uping up his homemade self-destruction machine. Thomas was frightened that the forward disease would do him a atrocious decease ; he wanted to a speedy painless issue from life. Dr. Kervorkian was charged with First Degree slaying, and the jury found with guilty of Second Degree slaying in March of 1999. Active mercy killing, physician assisted self-destruction is it right? I do non believe that if person wants to decease that a physician should assist them. When you think of a physician you think of a professional illustration, he or she is at that place to assist you mend or salvage your life, non to kill it. I believe the active mercy killing is incorrect. God has a program for you, every twenty-four hours is planned out for a ground, and everything that happens is for a ground. If you go and kill yourself, or at least have person aid you it is traveling against God # 8217 ; s program. With traditional Christian beliefs, it violates one # 8217 ; s natural desire to populate. It besides harms people, and life is the gift of God and it therefore merely be taken by God. If you sit down and believe about the state of affairs of killing yourself, and think about the effects, they aren’t ever the best. I believe everyone has atrocious yearss, hebdomads or old ages, no affair what happens, there should be no ground why your life should be taken. Thingss could be really suffering, but I believe so strongly that if you can last through everything. Every state of affairs happens for some ground. No 1 may of all time no why those things happen, but it makes you a stronger individual. Killing yourself is giving up on life ; your household has to accept the fact that you have given up on everything in life and have left them behind with everything. Worlds do non hold the power to make up ones mind if it is clip for person to decease. God is the lone individual in control of life or decease. When person takes their life, they are taking their decease out of God’s custodies. Do they cognize what they are losing? God takes us when it is clip for our program to be executed. It is clip for a new life to get down, but when aided self-destruction is done, the program has been messed with. No affair how much hurting or enduring person is in everything will finally turn out or Jesus Christ took the cross for us, could we give hurting for him. Life is a gift from God, and that â€Å"each individual its steward† . Therefore, merely God can get down life, and merely God should be allowed to stop one. An person who commits self-destruction is perpetrating wickedness. God does non direct us any experience that we can non manage. God supports people in enduring. To actively seek an terminal to one’s life would stand for a deficiency of trust in God’s promise. I know that everyone # 8217 ; s sentiment will be different on this topic, because everyone has a different faith and belief whether person should do the determination if they should decease or non. # 8220 ; Throughout the state. Americans are engaged in an earnest and profound argument about the morality, legality and practicality of physician-assisted self-destruction. Our keeping licenses this argument to go on, as it should in an democratic society. # 8221 ; This is a disadvantage to the # 8220 ; pro-life # 8221 ; cantonment who are working to do certain that freedom to take aided self-destruction remains unavailable to all Americans. The opinion means that they will hold to forestall all 50 provinces from go throughing permissive Torahs. If even one province base on ballss such a jurisprudence, so at least affluent patients will be able to relocate to that province, satisfy the occupant demands, and obtain aid in deceasing. ( aided self-destruction ) Is this right? Should people truly go that low to decease, to relocate to another province, I think that none of the provinces should hold Torahs. If people are still traveling to be able to relocate to another province than it should be illegal in all provinces to hold assisted self-destruction. The supreme tribunal determination was really narrow in range. It merely ruled on whether the populace had a general right to assisted self-destruction. The instance was originally brought by six terminally sick persons in intractable hurting who wanted entree to assisted self-destruction. But by the clip the tribunal heard legal statements all six had died. Therefore, the tribunal was unable to govern whether terminally sick persons should hold a right to assisted suicide. Alternatively, they made a determination on whether citizens by and large had that right. ( aided self-destruction ) The statement above proves that there is no ground why person should desire entree to assisted self-destruction. It states that is if person doesn # 8217 ; t even life through a test because they are so ill, they should non hold to kill themselves. They merely should allow God take them when it is clip alternatively of them hotfooting their deceases. There was a study of doctors, Dr. Diane Meier of Mount Sinai school of medical specialty in New York, NY led a study of 1,092 physicians on the subject of physician assisted self-destruction. They polled physicians who specialized in aging, infective diseases, malignant neoplastic disease and diseases which affected kidneys, nervousnesss and lungs. These were the countries of medical specialty where they felt that petition for assisted self-destruction might normally come up. They found that: 6.4 per centum of those who responded admitted that they had helped at least one patient commit self-destruction. They speculate that existent figure is likely much larger, as many physicians would be unwilling to unwrap condemnable Acts of the Apostless that they have performed. Among the group that had helped at least one patient to decease, 53 % said that the assisted-death of their most recent patient was caused by a deadly injection. The remainder wrote a prescription for pills that would d o decease. 29 % of the physicians agreed to assist in a self-destruction because their patient was in terrible hurting. 78 % did it because their patient was in terrible uncomfortableness other than hurting. These patients gave many grounds for desiring to decease: 79 % cited uncomfortableness other than hurting, 53 % cited loss of self-respect, 52 % cited for fright of unmanageable systems. ( aided self-destruction ) Does this do you believe? Can you conceive of if you asked your physician to assist you decease, and he said that he would? The ground people gave to decease, are really unreasonable. For illustration, uncomfortableness other than hurting, what does this mean? Is it stating that because people are depressed that they want to stop their lives, I mean is that a good supported ground why person should take their life. Besides, in the study it claimed that because people # 8220 ; might # 8221 ; acquire unmanageable symptoms, they wanted to decease because they # 8220 ; might # 8221 ; acquire them. Peoples do non cognize what the hereafter holds, so why should they desire to make away with themselves before they know what happens. I strongly believe that no 1 should of all time desire to decease, if they are traveling to decease, God will make up ones mind when the best clip is, and when you are ready for your life program. # 8220 ; Assisted Suicide. # 8221 ; Online poster. Feensa, John. # 8220 ; Euthanasia. # 8221 ; Online poster. 26 Oct. 2000

Frankenstein’s Romanticism Essays

Frankenstein’s Romanticism Essays Frankenstein’s Romanticism Essay Frankenstein’s Romanticism Essay Frankenstein. by Mary Shelley. comprises and exemplifies many signature Romantic figure of speechs. Though Shelley may incorporate Gothic elements into her narrative. the nucleus of the novel is one of genuine and heartfelt Romanticism. Almost all Romantic ideals are overtly present and entrenched in the narrative so exhaustively that Frankenstein can non be said to be anything but an disciple of the Romantic genre. Among these Romantic codifications are the Romantic ideal of making something from nil. the usage of nature as a contact and influential force. and the Romantic fear for the dedicated rhythm of life and decease. Among the ideals most valued and sought after in the Romantic community was the thought of true stimulation. delved from one’s ain imaginativeness and glare. This is why the Romantics were among the first to talk out against retroflexing the plants of others. saying that the most beautiful art is that which was created from nothing . In this sagaciousness. Victor Frankenstein was a true Romantic ; his end of bestowing life upon exanimate matter ( p. 48 ) is the prototype of creative activity from limbo. Furthermore. his desire to make as no others have done earlier. interrupting new land with lofty and apparently impracticable aims was one thing Romantics took pride in. The success of Victor Frankenstein’s creative activity mirrors Mary Shelley’s acceptance that. with ample finding. even the apparently impossible can be accomplished. : One of the subjects most attendant with Romantic plants is the clout and beauty of nature. When Frankenstein’s monster. lonely and abandoned. takes to the wood in an attempt to track down his Godhead. he finds consolation merely in the beauty of the first of spring. claiming that he felt emotions of gradualness and pleasance that had long appeared dead. revive within ( p. 148 ) . This Romantic impression of nature’s selflessness and religious healing capablenesss is juxtaposed by an alternate thought tantamount with Romantics: the pure power of the natural universe. As a kid. Victor Frankenstein is flabbergasted by the manner that lightning exenterates a big oak tree. claiming that he had neer beheld anything so wholly and utterly destroyed ( p. 32 ) . The annihilation non merely indicates the power of nature. but besides foreshadows Frankenstein’s creative activity of the monster further in the novel. This thought of Victor Frankenstein as a Romantic may take one to inquire the inquiry. Why. so. did the Romantic ideals turn out so ill in this Romantic’ novel? The reply is this: Frankenstein broke a cardinal regulation of Romanticism ; he attempted to upset the inviolable rhythm of life and decease. He created the monster in an effort to one twenty-four hours Renew life where decease had seemingly devoted the organic structure to corruptness. ( p. 48 ) . nevertheless. in the eyes of a pious Romantic. this would be an atrociousness and abuse to God in conformity with Romantic devotedness for all things natural. including decease. Because of this crust for Romantic beliefs. Victor Frankenstein was mandated to pay the ultimate monetary value. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein can. and should. be considered a true Romantic novel. Though some of the secret plan and scene may hold been cadged from Gothic literature. the ethical motives and rules of the book find their topographic point with Romanticism. From intrinsic regard of all things natural. to the omnipotence of human creative activity and imaginativeness. Frankenstein embodies the Romantic spirit about immaculately.

Management Levels, Functions, Roles, and Skills Coursework

Management Levels, Functions, Roles, and Skills - Coursework Example The first level of management is strategic management, operated by superior management, dealing with policymaking, crisis handling, and direction-setting. The decisions made at this level would be typical for a longer period. The second level is tactical management, performed by middle-line managers along with establishing ways to the corporate ends, activating resources and innovating. The decisions made at this level would work probably for a year. Thirdly, operational management is executed by supervisors and deals with daily activities.   Management functions include planning which entails the determination of strategies, objectives, policies, schedules and procedures and collection of resources. A function of organizing incorporates the arrangement of tasks and the setup of authority levels, information channels, and the division of tasks into groups. Moreover, in the command function, the management has to prescribe orders to subordinates to help them complete the objectives. Further, coordinating incorporates the procedure of synchronization of the goals of organization, individuals, and groups as well. Additionally, in the function of controlling, the management is liable to supervise the operations being executed and recognizes and corrects errors.   There are three types of roles that are performed by the managers. Initially, managers perform the roles of interpersonal. This role is largely dependent on the manager’s rank. This role entails three subdivisions, namely, figurehead, leader, and liaison. Secondly, the role of being informational makes the managers access all inner and outer channels of communication. Thirdly, the role of being decisional allows managers to take decisions of the organization. It can be further sub fractioned into an entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allotter, and negotiator.  

Family of the Hearts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Family of the Hearts - Essay Example My whole family lives in China and I spending my time alone in America for education. From my experiences of living alone, I have realized that family is one of the most important parts of my life without which I feel very lonely and sad at times. Beginning of my life in America without an authentic family was not all smooth sailing. I faced many difficulties in the start regarding education, residence, and social integration. I did not have anyone from my family with whom I could share my problems freely. I lived in a host family but there I felt loneliness and social isolation because I did not feel easy at sharing my issues with others and that situation led to misunderstandings between us at times. I did not have a good understanding of the foreign culture because of which I faced difficulty in making friends and communicating with the people of other cultures. Living in the host family, there were too many procedures for me of all dissimilar cultures to understand. For example, I had to understand the norms and values of different cultures in order to be able to communicate effectively with the people of those cultures. Similarly, I had to understand the emotions and way of life of other people in order to become a functioning and responsible part of the host family. One thing that I noticed in America was that all the young adults of that country are so independent that they do not have any sentiments to be taken care of by their parents. They think with their own mind, plan things on their own, and do what they feel right. In short, I would say that they do not leave it for their parents to think about their future.  

Organic chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organic chemistry - Essay Example A careful look at the peaks results displayed by the NMR of the substance is also required. A singlet peak at a chemical shift value of 11.1ppm confirms the presence of the COOH group. Peak at 2.4ppm is due to the presence of the group R-C=O attached to CH. Applying the n+1 rule we know that the methylene or the CH2 group will be able to interact with the three hydrogen of the methyl or the CH3 group, hence (3+1)=4 peaks or a quadruplet is obtained. Similarly the three hydrogen atoms of methyl are ale to interact with the 2 hydrogen of methylene, hence (2+1) =3 or a triplet peak is displayed. The ratio obtained is determined by the relative heights of the respective peaks. Peak at 3330 per cm at the infra red spectrum is due to the high absorption range of the O-H group in the compound, whereas peaks centered at 2900 per cm is due to the presence of C-H bonds in the compound. M-1 peak of 60 is the RMM of the compound (12*3) + (1*8) + 16= 60 atomic mass unit, peak at 31 confirms the presence of CH2OH: 12+2+16+1=31, C2H3 gives peak at 27: (12*2) + (1*3), C3H7O :( 12*3) + (1*7) + 16=59. 3.6ppm value at the NMR suggests the presence of R-OH functional group. The single hydrogen is able to interact with the neighboring hydrogen of the CH2 group hence a triplet is obtained. A singlet peak at a chemical shift of 2.2ppm shows the presence of the R-C-O fragment. 6 peaks at 1.6ppm are obtained due to the presence of R3CH where single hydrogen is able to interact with 5 neighboring hydrogen giving 6 peaks. Triplet of 0.9ppm is present due to R-CH3 as three hydrogen interact with the neighboring 2 of the CH2 giving a triplet peak (2+1). The ratio of 2:1:2:3 provides us the different environments of the protons. Percentages of carbon, hydrogen and an unknown element are 45.9%, 8.9% and 45.2% respectively. Dividing them by their respective relative molecular masses 45.9/12, 8.9/1 and 45.2/35.5, it is found out that the other element is chlorine as the percentage

The Role Of Franchising Tourism Essay

The Role Of Franchising Tourism Essay What is a franchise according to the American heritage dictionary franchising means using one that is granted to use a business model in a certain area for a fee. Well it does not matter how the transaction or agreements are done whether it includes license, joint venture, consulting and supply agreement, and dealership when these terms are included in the contract, its a franchise (Grueneberg Solish, 2010). Legally franchising is viewed as contractual arrangement between the two legally independent parties where the franchisee pays the franchisor for the right to sell the franchisors product or the right to use his trademarks in a given location for a specified time period (Francine  Lafontaine Kathryn  L.  Shaw, 1999). As franchising sector is growing at rapid pace franchisor should look for expansion in international market as the home market specifically developed countries like us Canada, Europe is becoming saturated. It is vital import for a firm to have a strategic pla n to successfully establish in global economy (Richard John, 2004). The global franchising prospect seems great as said by Hoffman and Preble (1993) after their global survey of global franchise association around the world. The survey came out true as according to the United States census bureau revels that in US total franchise business accounted for 1.3 trillion and total work force of 59 million the report also showed that Limited-service restaurants, sometimes called fast food restaurants, had the highest number of franchise establishments with paid employees (124,898), followed by gas stations with convenience stores (33,991), and full-service restaurants (30,130). Thus the data revels franchise in hospitality industry is observing massive growth (U.S.CensusBureau, 2010). The massive upward growth in information and technology and simple long distance travel has made the world a small and well interconnected. Organizations should and are taking advantage of these developments and trends to pursue a global expansion. As the global market around the world are opening up and the market in developed countries are at the point of saturation companies are trying to tap into these newly opened markets for example China with one quarter of world population and high number of mid income group is considered as most under-retailed country in the world (Richard John, 2004). The concept of franchise is flexible and basically suits service sector. Given that franchise relation are influenced to an extent to which the system can be transfer and sustain in local market in terms of product acceptance, local support and service (John, 1999). Thus due to consistent economic importance of franchise we can find lots of research and literature to help us understand the concept. Franchising is a major expansion strategy for hospitality firms into a global market, especially hotels and restaurants to name a few Marriotts, Hyatt, Hilton Accor, IHG, McDonalds, KFC are a very few examples. In global markets franchising add value to the chain by enhancing and understanding the local values culture and customs. Franchising is one of the two main types of operations of which the other one owning. Franchising provides restaurants and hotels with stable franchising revenue through royalties and fees regularly according to the agreement and the time frame of the period (Koh, Lee, Boo, 2009). Unlike most other service sectors, the hotel industry is generally capital-intensive and its logistics and supply chain can be as complex and difficult to manage as those in manufacturing operations. Thus for hospitality related organization, this can be a huge complication to an equity-based expansion model in various markets, particularly in the international market. Thus, it r aises the issue of the importance of the internationalization process through franchising as a non-equity-based expansion strategy(Alon, Ni, Wang, 2012). But as a matter of fact franchising in international market delivers a scope for rapid expansion and global presence and hotels do have potential to overcome the hurdles like cultural, linguistic, technical, legal, and employment problems commonly associated with franchising internationally. Hotel industry in particular is different among another service franchisee as it requires big financial investment to establish facilities to start the business. To give a rough idea the total investment required by Choice Hotels International ranges from $2.3 to 14.6 million, InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG) $2-20 million, Motel 6, $1.9-2.3 million, and Hilton 53.4-90.1 million due to such huge capital requirement makes acquiring and setup a franchise hotel a complex process (Alon et al., 2012). Franchising in Australia originated in a significant way in the early 1970s under the influence of the franchised US fast food systems KFC, Pizza Hut, McDonalds which commenced operations here at the time. Increased intensity in business competition during the 1970s and early 1980s resulted in the failure of many small and medium sized businesses and encouraged growth in franchising. Franchising continued to grow at an accelerated rate during the 1980s. This was attributed to an increase in interest from the financial and public sectors (Frazer, 2000). Over the last two decades franchising in Australia saw a rapid growth and has developed into a highly significant and dynamic business activity The Australian franchise sector with 71000 units and 1,100 business format contributes AUD $ 61 billion to Australian economy in year 2007 thus these sector is of vital important top Australian economy (Scott, Lorelle, Jeff, 2010). Comparing the franchising sector in Australia and New Zealand is not new for years there has been a friendly rival among the two countries for title of most franchised country in the world. When the survey carried out New Zealand was more franchised than Australia with 450 franchise system and around 24000 franchise system which was 17% higher than Australia on per individual basis (Lord, 2011). Franchising in New Zealand is not taken seriously enough compared to other business due to lack of legislation and treating franchise as just a business deal. The franchise sector is substantially larger than many people realize, says Graham Billings, GM of the Franchise Association of New Zealand (FANZ). Current estimates suggest turnover of between $15 billion and $20 billion, representing between eight percent and ten percent of GDP (Moore, 2009). Taking into consideration the various hotel franchises across New Zealand and Australia gives a clear picture about the franchise investments in the market. Australia has the following well Known International hotel franchise: Swissotel * Hilton Accor * Radisson Four Seasons * Best western Hotel Sheraton * Marriott IHG * Shangri- La Hyatt * Starwoods * Choice hotels (expedia.com, 2012). These are the some of the many brands which have presence in Australian market when compared to the brands present in New Zealand which are: *IHG *Accor *Marriot *Hilton (expedia.com, 2012). Thus when compared the hotel franchise sector in both the countries Australia definitely has much mature market for franchising then New Zealand as many big hotel organization are yet to tap the New Zealand market like Hyatt, four-season, Shangri-La, Starwoods. To get a better picture of comparison between role of franchising in hotel industry in Australia and New Zealand lets compare two cities in both the countries. Instead of comparing between the cities like Sydney and Auckland will not give fair information as Sydney is far bigger Metro than Auckland. Hence we will compare the role of franchising between Auckland and Brisbane as they are equal in many aspects and also they are known as sister cities. With parks and botany gardens and population, urban area and economy almost similar to each other helps to compare the role of franchising easier and comparable to each other. Thus when searching for hotels on www.expeidia.com for hotels in Brisbane there are 145 hotels listed on web site the result for hotels in Auckland are 149, the search result shows the hospitality sector are very similar in both the cities. But when we see the ratio of number of five star category hotels the difference is more than double as Auckland has around 20 five star hotels as compared Brisbane has only 7. After comparing the brands owned by franchise as mentioned above the number shows a slight difference of Auckland having more number(9) of franchised hotels as compared to Brisbane(7). Hence if we consider the various factors like Number of visitors, density of the hospitality market and economy franchise sector in New Zealand is much denser and bigger than compared to Australia. This shows despite size and regulatory environment franchising has much in common on both the sides. Also when consider the basic hospitality franchising and various local franchised restaurants franchising in New Zealand has much denser network of franchising. It also concludes that the franchising process is market-sensitive and as a result market characteristics play an important role in affecting franchising operations. These factors may include, among others, the market segment, the degree of control, either by the hotel industry sector or by government policy, the risks and costs of entry, and similarities of cultural norms and business. In addition, other situational factors which that affect how hotel franchising is carried out in a market such as Australia and New Zealand which ar e mature and stable in both the countries, the level of technology infrastructure development in the market, and the overall economic and financial conditions in the financial market of Australia and New Zealand (Alon et al., 2012).

Fishing :: essays research papers

For those who are curious about fishing, but never seem to have any luck, here are a few simple guidelines to follow which will have you reeling them in in no time. Catching fish can be really easy to do if one has the correct equipment, location, weather, and presentation. First, when fishing, equipment is very important. It would not be prudent to bring knife to a gunfight, and fishing is just the same. When catching 500 lb. swordfish in saltwater it is important to not bring an ultra-light fly rod. The first step to having the correct equipment is identifying the species to be targeted. Let’s say the target is black bass. Then it id important to have a bait-casting reel with 15 to 20 lb. test line, and a heavy action rod with plenty of length for good hook set. Now I’m not saying it is impossible to catch a bass on lighter tackle, and there is probably fun to be had doing it as well. It is just that this is the most efficient way. Lures and or bait are also extremely important pieces of equipment when fishing. Some examples of lures for black bass would be spinners, jigs, plastic worms, top-water lures, and buzz baits. Bait for black bass fishing would be live minnows, crawfish, or worms, and some dead baits work too such as cut pieces of shad. Once all the equipment has been taken care of, the location is the next concern. Fishing in a puddle in the driveway will not be very productive. The location will depend on what kind of fish one wants to catch. Once a species has been determined, a location should be easy to find. Again let’s say the target is black bass. Several types of bass can be caught in fresh water creeks, lakes, rivers, and ponds up to certain latitudes. Any of these fresh water sources should hold bass if it has been stocked, if it has a tributary, or if it has been established for a number of years. It is important to make sure that the location you are fishing has the type of fish you are fishing for. Weather plays a key role in whether or not fish will be caught. Wind affects the distance and direction that the lure or bait can be cast. It is very difficult to cast with any accuracy in a high wind.

Guns and Gun Control

Gun control has been one of the biggest topics facing our nation aside from abortion and homosexual marriages. There are so many different angles and arguments that surround it, its no wonder a definite decision can not be made. Violent crimes remain one of the most serious problems in the United States, in many of the violent crimes committed guns are used but an actual link between the two remains pretty unclear. Studies generally find no relationship at the ecological level between gun availability and nonfatal violent crime rates, but do find a small relationship between gun availability and homicides†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ‘Perhaps the most important question in the gun control debate is whether handgun ownership by law-abiding citizens raises or lowers their risk of becoming violent crime victims. ’ (Barkan, 2007, p. 93) For those opposing gun control, they believe taking away the right to carry a gun would leave them more vulnerable to become victims of crime however thos e supporting gun control believe that if gun use was effectively controlled, there would be less crime. Media does not help in this constant debate since many feel as though outlets such as TV shows, movies and games promote violence especially in youth. However in studies where children were observed before and after viewing violent shows on TV, they did become more aggressive meaning there is a correlation between watching TV and acts of aggression but that connection doesn’t necessarily mean watching that particular show caused it to happen. Meaning a child acting out in violence could have been acting out on his aggression but not because he saw it happen. A conservative conclusion is that mass media violence has a small effect on real-life violence that is eclipsed by other influences†¦ we should remain skeptical of mass media effects until the empirical evidence becomes compelling†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Barkan, 2007, pp. 290-291) In 1999 Martin O’Malley was elected as mayor of Baltimore, MD. At this time I also resided in Maryland as a sophomore in High School. Mayor O’Malley changed the focus of how public safety would be handled since crime was so high in the urban communities especially in the downtown are as of Baltimore. It was during this time he stressed the importance of neighborhoods and authorities pulling together to reduce crime and violence which turned out a 40% reduction in violent crime. (Maryland, 2009) The fact that he was able to get such a tough community to work together with officials to take charge of an ever growing crime rate is something that should be admired and mirrored throughout other states. To cut back on the types of firearms used in today’s streets I believe would start from the source, gun shows and or shops. My suggestion to control the types used every applicant must go through a very thorough background search as well as an interview with a law enforcement official to see if they are competent enough to own a firearm. From there I think a class should be offered to all individuals as well as a mandatory waiting period of at least a month. Heavy artillery weapons should not be issued to anyone other than those with certain clearances, military or otherwise since they are not needed unless they are being fired at by insurgents. As far as where I stand on the issue of gun control, I believe everyone has the right to bear arms as it’s stated in the 2nd amendment of the U. S. Constitution. I also fully believe in the slogan ‘guns don’t kill people; people kill people’ however those that are supportive of gun control possess a very strong argument when they state that if handguns were controlled effectively, it could possibly reduce the number or homicides and violent crimes. An example of this would be ‘†¦in 1975 Washington D. C. , banned the sale and possession of handguns. Gun crimes there decreased, especially for homicides resulting from family and acquaintance disputes. More generally, gun homicides and gun suicides decreased†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Barkan, 2007, p. 295) In addition in a study that was conducted one scholar noted ‘†¦guns are more likely to be used when you’re drinking and you have a fight with someone you know. It indicates that people tend to use guns not for the reason they brought them into the house, but in fights with family members and friends. ’ (Barkan, 2007, p. 294) Had a gun not been present in the first place it probably would have kept this situation from becoming yet another statistic. References Barkan, S. A. (2007). Criminology (3rd Edition ed.). Upper Saddle River , NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Maryland, S. o. (2009, January 16). Martin J. O'Malley, Governor of Maryland. Retrieved January 18, 2009, from MD Manual: http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/08conoff/html/msa13090.html

Locke Essays - Philosophy, Political Philosophy, Politics

Locke Essays - Philosophy, Political Philosophy, Politics Locke To understand classic liberalism we must focus on Locke's idea of political power and his political model as well as his economic model. Locke defines political power as a right of making laws with penalties of Death, and consequently all less penalties, for regulating and preserving property, and of employing the force of the community, in the execution of such laws, and in the defense of the common-wealth from foreign injury, and all this only for the Publick Good(Wooten, #2). This idea of thought explains Locke's main idea in the Second Treatise of Government, that everything is best for the individual rather than for the community. Locke's idea of politics starts off with a basis of men and freedom suggested to us in the law of nature. The buffer between man and brutes is the law of nature, which is a law of reason. Our faculty of reason is fitted to discover what that law says, what it measures and standards of conduct are (Yolton, 65). Men rise above these beasts only because of that faculty. It is through the law of nature, reason, and humanity that each one of us makes with all the rest of Mankind...one community, makes up one society distinct from all other creatures (1.#128). So it is people in a community that come together for the strength of the individual. Locke states that man must reside in the community to reap the benefits. If a man opposes this, then he faces the dilemma of giving up power for safety. In leaving the community of mankind in order to form smaller associates of civil societies, natural man gives up the power of preserving himself and mankind, giving that power to the civil society to be regulated by laws made by society(1.#129). In the same way, the move into civil society requires each man to give up his right to punish or kill as an individual. Criminals in this society are to be brought forth to the community's authority. Locke states that in leaving the great community of mankind and joining a civil society, we do not cease to be men, or even cease to be members of mankind (Yolton, 65). He quits his executive power of the law of nature and resigns it to the public. So each man makes himself subject to the civil law and finds his freedom in voluntary obedience. (Britannica ,1998.) The other power a man has in a state of Nature is the power to punish the crimes committed a state of natur In civil society, we are answerable to the whole community. In each community there are rules, these are set forth by authorities. However these rules are made up by the publick, or everyone in the community. These rules are eyed, the whole community is an umpire. The community must preserve the property, and in order there-unto punish the offences of all those of that society, there, is political society where every one of the members hath quitted this natural power, resigned it up to the hands of the community. And thus all private judgement of every particular member be excluded, the community comes to be a umpire, and by understanding indifferent rules, men authorized by the community, decided all differences, and punishes those offences(1.#87). The function and the purpose of Locke's civil society is protection of life, liberty, and possessions. An essential to making it work is trust between the government in the community and is in place of a ruler who fails to secure the public good. So the rulers authority is conditional rather than absolut. Each man establishes his right to property by mixing his labour. So when everyone contributes to the community they in turn are given the fruits of everyone elses labor. He has the right to expect political power to be used to preserve his property, in his own person and in his possessions, and the right to freedom of thought, speech, and worship. Locke's political system was one that was considered mixed constitution. The legislative should be an elected body, but the executive remains a single individual, the monarchand argues for s separation of legislative and executive powers (Britannica, 1998). Locke states that

Purposive Sampling Definition and Types

Purposive Sampling Definition and Types A purposive sample is a non-probability sample that is selected based on characteristics of a population and the objective of the study. Purposive sampling is also known as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling. Purposive Sampling Types Maximum Variation/Heterogeneous Purposive SampleHomogeneous Purposive SampleTypical Case SamplingExtreme/Deviant Case SamplingCritical case SamplingTotal Population SamplingExpert Sampling This type of sampling can be very useful in situations when you need to reach a targeted sample quickly, and where sampling for proportionality is not the main concern. There are seven types of purposive samples, each appropriate to a different research objective. Types of Purposive Samples Maximum Variation/Heterogeneous A maximum variation/heterogeneous purposive sample is one which is selected to provide a diverse range of cases relevant to a particular phenomenon or event. The purpose of this kind of sample design is to provide as much insight as possible into the event or phenomenon under examination. For example, when conducting a street poll about an issue, a researcher would want to ensure that he or she speaks with as many different kinds of people as possible in order to construct a robust view of the issue from the publics perspective. Homogeneous A homogeneous purposive sample is one that is selected for having a shared characteristic or set of characteristics. For example, a team of researchers wanted to understand what the significance of white skin- whiteness- means to white people, so they asked white people about this. This is a homogenous sample created on the basis of race. Typical Case Sampling Typical case sampling is a type of purposive sampling useful when a researcher wants to study a phenomenon or trend as it relates to what are considered typical or average members of the effected population. If a researcher wants to study how a type of educational curriculum affects the average student, then he or she choose to focus on average members of a student population. Extreme/Deviant Case Sampling Conversely, extreme/deviant case sampling is used when a researcher wants to study the outliers that diverge from the norm as regards a particular phenomenon, issue, or trend. By studying the deviant cases, researchers can often gain a better understanding of the more regular patterns of behavior. If a researcher wanted to understand the relationship between study habits and high academic achievement, he or she should purposively sample students considered high achievers. Critical Case Sampling Critical case sampling is a type of purposive sampling in which just one case is chosen for study because the researcher expects that studying it will reveal insights that can be applied to other like cases. When sociologist C.J. Pascoe wanted to study sexuality and gender identity develop among high school students, she selected what was considered to be an average high school in terms of population and family income, so that her findings from this case could be more generally applicable. Total Population Sampling With total population sampling a researcher chooses to examine the entire population that has one or more shared characteristics. This kind of purposive sampling technique is commonly used to generate reviews of events or experiences, which is to say, it is common to studies of particular groups within larger populations. Expert Sampling Expert sampling is a form of purposive sampling used when research requires one to capture knowledge rooted in a particular form of expertise. It is common to use this form of purposive sampling technique in the early stages of a research process, when the researcher is seeking to become better informed about the topic at hand before embarking on a study. Doing this kind of early-stage expert-based research can shape research questions and research design in important ways. Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Scientific misconduct Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Scientific misconduct - Essay Example Since then cases of fraudulent scientific researches piled up. The main issue involves less information on major cases of scientific misconduct, but more information on minor cases. In Europe, countries such as Germany and the Dutch have had high profile cases of scientific misconduct. In the United Kingdom, Malcolm Pearce’s case was the first case of scientific misconduct. In 1994, the worldwide media covered a story on a successful ectopic pregnancy re-implant. Doctors had tried to do that for centuries without any success. At the time, Malcolm Pearce worked as a higher-ranking tutor in St George’s Hospital Medical School, in London. As a famous ultrasonography practitioner, the British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology put him as an assistant editor. The chief editor of the journal, Geoffrey Chamberlain, alongside Malcolm carried out a study based on ectopic pregnancy. The cases involved the birth of a baby after a successful ectopic embryo re-implantation. Malcolm told one of his colleagues that he had successfully re-implanted an embryo. He added Chamberlain’s name in the article; therefore, the document did not go through the standard peer reviewing procedure. The second case involved a trial treatment of recurrent miscarriages in 200 women suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome. However, after a series of investigations, the hospital found out that Pearce had published two fraudulent papers. A young doctor in the Hospital where Malcolm taught raised questions based on the two papers. A series of investigations followed thereafter, which led to the discovery of the lies. Results of the investigations revealed that the patient who had given birth to the baby did not exist at all. He lost his job for fraudulent scientific research by giving false results about the study. For the second case, evidence showed that Malcolm could not have possibly treated 200 patients suffering from polycystic ovary

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING - Essay Example 180,000/5=?36,000. Motor Vehicles: The depreciation charge for the new vehicle purchased would be ?25,000 x 40% = ?10,000. The remainder of the vehicles that need to be depreciated for the current year cost ?980,000 less the car disposed of ?20,000 = ?960,000. From the total accumulated depreciation figure of ?500,000, ?8,000 is attributable to the vehicle disposed of. As such, accumulated depreciation attributable to the vehicles to be depreciated for the current year amounts to ?492,000, giving a net book value of ?468,000. As such, the depreciation charge for the year for these vehicles is 40% of ?468,000 amounting to ?187,200. Total depreciation charge for the year is the sum of the emboldened figures = ?453,200. (a) (ii) Profit / Loss of Disposal The motor vehicle disposed of cost ?20,000 and the accumulated depreciation in respect of such vehicle was ?8,000 (?20,000x40%). As such the balance on the vehicle was ?12,000. The company was only able to obtain ?8,000 from the sale an d as such made a loss of ?4,000 (12-8). (a)(iii) Impairment Loss for the year As at the date of the impairment review, the item 2 of plant and machinery had a carrying value of ?180,000 less the ?36,000 depreciation charge = ?144,000. The recoverable amount has been ascertained as ?50,000. As per IAS 36, the asset must be written down to the lower of carrying value or recoverable amount. As such, there is an impairment loss of ?94,000 (144-50). (a)(iv) Release of the grant for the year In accordance with IAS 20, the grant has been treated as deferred income and released over the lifetime of the asset. As such, the release for the year would be ?400,000/5=?80,000. (b) Notes to the Balance Sheet as at 30th September 2010: Property Plant and Equipment Land & Buildings Plant & Machinery Motor Vehicles Total COST as at 1 Oct 2009 3,000,000 980,000 980,000 4,960,000 Additions 25,000 25,000 Disposals (20,000) (20,000) Revaluations 2,000,000 2,000,000 as at 30 Sept 2010 5,000,000 980,000 98 5,000 6,965,000 ACCUMULATED DEPRECIATION as at 1 Oct 2009 500,000 436,000 500,000 1,436,000 Depreciation on Disposals (8,000) (8,000) Depreciation written off for revaluation (500,000) (500,000) depreciation charge for the year 60,000 196,000 197,200 453,200 as at 30 Sept 2010 60,000 632,000 689,200 1,381,200 Impairment of assets (94,000) NET BOOK VALUE as at 30 Sept 2010 4,940,000 254,000 295,800 5,583,800 (c) MEMO To: Peter Williams, Marketing Director From: John Doe, Financial Accountant Date: 15th April 2011 Subject: Queries on the Financial Statements for the year ended 30.9.10 I am writing to you in response to the various queries you made known to me in relation to the aforesaid Financial Statements of Green PLC. Revaluation Surplus The land and buildings were revalued by ?2 Million in the aforesaid Financial Statements so that the resulting value of the asset at the end of the said period was ?5 Million. This is permitted under IAS 16 Property Plant and Equipment, which prov ides that assets can be valued using the Revaluation Model, under which the asset will be recognised at its fair value as opposed to the cost of the asset. The accounting entry in the case of an upward revaluation is to increase the asset value to the revalued amount and to create or increase the Revaluation Reserve by the amount revalued (i.e. the difference between the carrying amount of the